This sounds pretty typical when attempting to use optical slaves in larger, open spaces. The slave sensor depends on seeing the direct or reflected flash from the master, and in small venues, indoors, works well.
I doubt it was the overhead lighting alone that caused you trouble, as when you increased power you managed to get them to trigger. Sometimes outdoors, in direct sun, the slave eye just wont trigger at all.
So, you know the solution already--add a receiver to each strobe. There are additional benefits to this: you have "spare" receivers on hand for any time you are using less lights, or for when you are in a situation where the slave can be used on one light if needed.
Also, if you are ever shooting in a place where others are firing speed lights, their strobes, etc. you won't have your lights firing every time they do :-)
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